{
  "lom": {
    "general": {
      "identifier": [
        {
          "catalog": "URI",
          "entry": "tag:aim-pro.eu,2026:oer/2b6634a9e642"
        },
        {
          "catalog": "URI",
          "entry": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14062"
        },
        {
          "catalog": "ARXIV",
          "entry": "2412.14062"
        }
      ],
      "title": [
        {
          "language": "en",
          "string": "Understanding and Evaluating Trust in Generative AI and Large Language Models for Spreadsheets"
        }
      ],
      "language": [
        "en"
      ],
      "description": [
        {
          "language": "en",
          "string": "Generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) hold promise for automating spreadsheet formula creation. However, due to hallucinations, bias and variable user skill, outputs obtained from generative AI cannot be assumed to be accurate or trustworthy. To address these challenges, a trustworthiness framework is proposed based on evaluating the transparency and dependability of the formula. The transparency of the formula is explored through explainability (understanding the formula's reasoning) and visibility (inspecting the underlying algorithms). The dependability of the generated formula is evaluated in terms of reliability (consistency and accuracy) and ethical considerations (bias and fairness). The paper also examines the drivers to these metrics in the form of hallucinations, training data bias and poorly constructed prompts. Finally, examples of mistrust in technology are considered and the consequences explored."
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        {
          "language": "en",
          "string": "cs.HC"
        },
        {
          "language": "en",
          "string": "cs.CY"
        }
      ]
    },
    "lifeCycle": {
      "version": [
        {
          "language": "en",
          "string": "v1"
        }
      ],
      "contribute": [
        {
          "role": {
            "source": "LOMv1.0",
            "value": "author"
          },
          "entity": [
            "Simon Thorne"
          ],
          "date": {
            "dateTime": "2024-12-18"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    "metaMetadata": {
      "identifier": [
        {
          "catalog": "URI",
          "entry": "tag:aim-pro.eu,2026:oer/2b6634a9e642/record"
        }
      ],
      "contribute": [
        {
          "role": {
            "source": "LOMv1.0",
            "value": "creator"
          },
          "entity": [
            "AIM-PRO WP3 OER harvester (arXiv)"
          ],
          "date": {
            "dateTime": "2026-10-09T09:53:04.069402+00:00",
            "description": [
              {
                "language": "en",
                "string": "Date this metadata record was generated from the source response, not a date about the resource"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "metadataSchema": [
        "LOMv1.0",
        "aimpro-oer-profile/1"
      ],
      "language": "en"
    },
    "technical": {
      "format": [
        "application/pdf",
        "text/markdown"
      ],
      "size": "552128",
      "location": [
        "https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14062"
      ]
    },
    "educational": {
      "learningResourceType": [
        {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "narrative text"
        }
      ]
    },
    "rights": {
      "cost": {
        "source": "LOMv1.0",
        "value": "no"
      },
      "copyrightAndOtherRestrictions": {
        "source": "LOMv1.0",
        "value": "yes"
      },
      "description": [
        {
          "language": "en",
          "string": "CC-BY-4.0 · http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Conditions: adaptation permitted, attribution required."
        }
      ]
    },
    "relation": [
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "ispartof"
        },
        "resource": {
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "Proceedings of the EuSpRIG 2024 Conference \"Spreadsheet Productivity & Risks\" ISBN : 978-1-905404-59-9"
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "hasformat"
        },
        "resource": {
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "Markdown extracted from the original by pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "inferred": {
    "relation": [
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651904"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1145/3589335.3651904"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 186,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1145/3589335.3651904"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.14296/deeslr.v17i0.5226"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.14296/deeslr.v17i0.5226"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 197,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.14296/deeslr.v17i0.5226"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.10249"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "arXiv:1801.10249"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 199,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "arXiv:1801.10249"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.09723"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "arXiv:2301.09723"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 201,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "arXiv:2301.09723"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55686-2"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55686-2"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 203,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55686-2"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100814118"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1073/pnas.2100814118"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 205,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1073/pnas.2100814118"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.01297"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "arXiv:2310.01297"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 213,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "arXiv:2310.01297"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.14345"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "arXiv:2309.14345"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 215,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "arXiv:2309.14345"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ime2030019"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.3390/ime2030019"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 217,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.3390/ime2030019"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.604977"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.604977"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 221,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.604977"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10875301.2023.2227621"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1080/10875301.2023.2227621"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 231,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1080/10875301.2023.2227621"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2023.102720"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2023.102720"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 232,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2023.102720"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7962-2_30"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7962-2_30"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 236,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7962-2_30"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.14296/2108.9781911507246"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.14296/2108.9781911507246"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 242,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.14296/2108.9781911507246"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.13521"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "arXiv:2402.13521"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 244,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "arXiv:2402.13521"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1136/bmjopen-"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 246,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1136/bmjopen-"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139608964474"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1080/00140139608964474"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 250,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1080/00140139608964474"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139408964957"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1080/00140139408964957"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 252,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1080/00140139408964957"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2013070101"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.4018/joeuc.2013070101"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 259,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.4018/joeuc.2013070101"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.573"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.573"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 264,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.573"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13814"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "arXiv:2302.13814"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 266,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "arXiv:2302.13814"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00388"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00388"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 268,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00388"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684354"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1017/9781108684354"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 270,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1017/9781108684354"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209479"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209479"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 272,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209479"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01029-4"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01029-4"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 278,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01029-4"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.11382"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "arXiv:2302.11382"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 280,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "arXiv:2302.11382"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      },
      {
        "kind": {
          "source": "LOMv1.0",
          "value": "references"
        },
        "resource": {
          "identifier": [
            {
              "catalog": "URI",
              "entry": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.12794"
            }
          ],
          "description": [
            {
              "language": "en",
              "string": "arXiv:2401.12794"
            }
          ]
        },
        "method": "inferred",
        "rule": "citation",
        "rule_version": "links/1",
        "evidence": {
          "links": [
            {
              "how": "citation",
              "line": 282,
              "basis": "reference",
              "literal": "arXiv:2401.12794"
            }
          ],
          "kind": "citation"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}