{
  "identifier": "tag:aim-pro.eu,2026:oer/5d79a3d15d9d/record",
  "profile": "aimpro-oer-profile/1",
  "normaliser": "oerlib.metadata/2",
  "status": "ready",
  "normalised_at": "2026-10-09T09:48:23+00:00",
  "resource": {
    "id": "5d79a3d15d9d",
    "identifier": "tag:aim-pro.eu,2026:oer/5d79a3d15d9d",
    "uri": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.03349",
    "title": "When Geoscience Meets Generative AI and Large Language Models: Foundations, Trends, and Future Challenges",
    "description": "Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) represents an emerging field that promises the creation of synthetic data and outputs in different modalities. GAI has recently shown impressive results across a large spectrum of applications ranging from biology, medicine, education, legislation, computer science, and finance. As one strives for enhanced safety, efficiency, and sustainability, generative AI indeed emerges as a key differentiator and promises a paradigm shift in the field. This paper explores the potential applications of generative AI and large language models in geoscience. The recent developments in the field of machine learning and deep learning have enabled the generative model's utility for tackling diverse prediction problems, simulation, and multi-criteria decision-making challenges related to geoscience and Earth system dynamics. This survey discusses several GAI models that have been used in geoscience comprising generative adversarial networks (GANs), physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), and generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)-based structures. These tools have helped the geoscience community in several applications, including (but not limited to) data generation/augmentation, super-resolution, panchromatic sharpening, haze removal, restoration, and land surface changing. Some challenges still remain such as ensuring physical interpretation, nefarious use cases, and trustworthiness. Beyond that, GAI models show promises to the geoscience community, especially with the support to climate change, urban science, atmospheric science, marine science, and planetary science through their extraordinary ability to data-driven modeling and uncertainty quantification.",
    "creators": [
      "Abdenour Hadid",
      "Tanujit Chakraborty",
      "Daniel Busby"
    ],
    "keywords": [
      "physics.geo-ph",
      "cs.AI",
      "cs.LG",
      "physics.ao-ph"
    ],
    "kind": "html",
    "content_language": "en",
    "declared_language": "en",
    "word_count": 11189,
    "content_hash": "2309041e5613087e",
    "metadata_only": false
  },
  "licence": {
    "raw": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "uri": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "verdict": "OPEN",
    "note": "open, permissive",
    "ingestable": true,
    "commercial_ok": true,
    "derivable": true,
    "share_alike": false,
    "evidence": {
      "scope": "this submitted version of the paper",
      "method": "arXiv OAI-PMH GetRecord (metadataPrefix=arXiv)",
      "schema": 1,
      "status": "captured",
      "location": "arXiv:arXiv/arXiv:license",
      "source_url": "https://oaipmh.arxiv.org/oai?verb=GetRecord&identifier=oai:arXiv.org:2402.03349&metadataPrefix=arXiv",
      "asserted_by": "arXiv submitter",
      "captured_at": "2026-10-09T09:48:18+00:00",
      "source_system": "arxiv",
      "observed_value": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "documentation_url": "https://info.arxiv.org/help/oa/index.html",
      "responsibility_url": "https://info.arxiv.org/help/license/index.html",
      "documentation_label": "arXiv OAI-PMH metadata documentation",
      "responsibility_note": "The submitter chooses the article-version licence and certifies the right to grant it."
    }
  },
  "descriptive": {
    "contributions": [
      {
        "name": "Abdenour Hadid",
        "role": "author",
        "affiliation": "",
        "identifier": "",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tanujit Chakraborty",
        "role": "author",
        "affiliation": "",
        "identifier": "",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "name": "Daniel Busby",
        "role": "author",
        "affiliation": "",
        "identifier": "",
        "scope": "resource"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "arxiv",
        "value": "2402.03349",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "scheme": "doi",
        "value": "10.1111/exsy.13654",
        "scope": "resource"
      }
    ],
    "dates": [
      {
        "meaning": "issued",
        "value": "2024-01-25",
        "scope": "resource"
      }
    ],
    "subjects": [
      {
        "value": "physics.geo-ph",
        "scheme": "arxiv",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "value": "cs.AI",
        "scheme": "arxiv",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "value": "cs.LG",
        "scheme": "arxiv",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "value": "physics.ao-ph",
        "scheme": "arxiv",
        "scope": "resource"
      }
    ],
    "relations": [],
    "educational": {
      "learning_resource_type": "",
      "intended_end_user_role": "",
      "context": "",
      "difficulty": "",
      "typical_learning_time": "",
      "description": ""
    },
    "container": {
      "kind": "",
      "uri": "",
      "title": "",
      "description": "",
      "identifier": ""
    },
    "declared_language": "en",
    "declared_type": "preprint",
    "rights_holder": "",
    "access_rights": "open",
    "publisher": "",
    "version": "v1",
    "citation": "Expert Systems, 2024, Volume: 41, Issue: 10",
    "notes": "",
    "lifecycle_status": "",
    "structure_role": "",
    "snapshot": {
      "resource": {
        "doi": "10.1111/exsy.13654",
        "title": "When Geoscience Meets Generative AI and Large Language Models: Foundations, Trends, and Future Challenges",
        "authors": [
          "Abdenour Hadid",
          "Tanujit Chakraborty",
          "Daniel Busby"
        ],
        "summary": "Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) represents an emerging field that promises the creation of synthetic data and outputs in different modalities. GAI has recently shown impressive results across a large spectrum of applications ranging from biology, medicine, education, legislation, computer science, and finance. As one strives for enhanced safety, efficiency, and sustainability, generative AI indeed emerges as a key differentiator and promises a paradigm shift in the field. This paper explores the potential applications of generative AI and large language models in geoscience. The recent developments in the field of machine learning and deep learning have enabled the generative model's utility for tackling diverse prediction problems, simulation, and multi-criteria decision-making challenges related to geoscience and Earth system dynamics. This survey discusses several GAI models that have been used in geoscience comprising generative adversarial networks (GANs), physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), and generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)-based structures. These tools have helped the geoscience community in several applications, including (but not limited to) data generation/augmentation, super-resolution, panchromatic sharpening, haze removal, restoration, and land surface changing. Some challenges still remain such as ensuring physical interpretation, nefarious use cases, and trustworthiness. Beyond that, GAI models show promises to the geoscience community, especially with the support to climate change, urban science, atmospheric science, marine science, and planetary science through their extraordinary ability to data-driven modeling and uncertainty quantification.",
        "updated": "2024-01-25T12:03:50Z",
        "version": 1,
        "arxiv_id": "2402.03349",
        "published": "2024-01-25T12:03:50Z",
        "categories": [
          "physics.geo-ph",
          "cs.AI",
          "cs.LG",
          "physics.ao-ph"
        ],
        "journal_ref": "Expert Systems, 2024, Volume: 41, Issue: 10",
        "affiliations": [
          "",
          "",
          ""
        ],
        "primary_category": "physics.geo-ph"
      }
    }
  },
  "representations": [
    {
      "role": "extracted",
      "media_type": "text/markdown",
      "size_bytes": 75429,
      "filename": "",
      "location": "",
      "source_format": "latexml-html",
      "converter": "arxiv-html"
    }
  ],
  "observed": {
    "language": {
      "method": "declared",
      "reason": "declared English",
      "accepted": true,
      "declared": "en",
      "detected": "en",
      "confidence": null,
      "review_required": false
    }
  },
  "collection": {
    "source": "arxiv",
    "source_label": "arXiv",
    "collected_at": "2026-10-09T09:48:23.408298+00:00",
    "query": "(all:\"artificial intelligence\" OR all:\"machine learning\" OR all:\"generative AI\" OR all:\"deep learning\" OR all:\"reinforcement learning\" OR all:\"large language model\") AND (all:\"AI concepts\" OR all:\"types of AI\" OR all:\"AI fundamentals\" OR all:\"recognizing AI\" OR all:\"recognising AI\" OR all:\"general versus narrow AI\" OR all:\"narrow AI\" OR all:\"general AI\" OR all:\"machine intelligence\" OR all:\"AI strengths and weaknesses\" OR all:\"traditional software\" OR all:\"rule-based systems\" OR all:\"introduction to AI\" OR all:\"introduction to artificial intelligence\" OR all:\"artificial intelligence introduction\" OR all:\"AI primer\" OR all:\"foundations of artificial intelligence\" OR all:\"overview of AI\" OR all:\"understanding AI\" OR all:\"history of AI\" OR all:\"AI essentials\" OR all:\"AI terminology\" OR all:\"metaphors for AI\" OR all:\"AI fundamental concepts\" OR all:\"AI key concepts\" OR all:\"philosophy of AI\" OR all:\"critical AI literacy\")",
    "note": "where this was collected from. Not a claim that the provider published or authored it"
  },
  "provenance": [
    {
      "field": "resource_id",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "engine",
      "evidence_ref": "engine#/resource_id"
    },
    {
      "field": "query",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "engine",
      "evidence_ref": "engine#/query"
    },
    {
      "field": "collected_from",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "engine",
      "evidence_ref": "engine#/source"
    },
    {
      "field": "title",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/title"
    },
    {
      "field": "description",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/summary"
    },
    {
      "field": "citation",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/journal_ref"
    },
    {
      "field": "version",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "subjects",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/categories/0"
    },
    {
      "field": "contributions",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/authors/0"
    },
    {
      "field": "contributions",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/authors/1"
    },
    {
      "field": "contributions",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/authors/2"
    },
    {
      "field": "dates",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "identifiers",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/arxiv_id"
    },
    {
      "field": "identifiers",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/doi"
    },
    {
      "field": "content_language",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "gate_observation",
      "evidence_ref": "gate#/language/declared"
    },
    {
      "field": "declared_language",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "licence",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "gate_observation",
      "evidence_ref": "gate#/licence/evidence"
    },
    {
      "field": "access_rights",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "representations",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "conversion",
      "evidence_ref": "conversion#/latexml-html"
    },
    {
      "field": "declared_type",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "educational",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "declared_type_mapping",
      "evidence_ref": "profile#/learning_resource_type/preprint"
    }
  ],
  "incidents": [
    {
      "code": "absent",
      "field": "rights_holder",
      "detail": "no rights holder is named at source; the licence is recorded without one rather than attributed to the platform that served it"
    },
    {
      "code": "absent",
      "field": "publisher",
      "detail": "the source named no publisher of the work; where it was collected from is recorded as collection provenance instead, which is a different claim"
    },
    {
      "code": "absent",
      "field": "educational",
      "detail": "the source declared no educational metadata — no resource type, audience, context, difficulty or learning time. Nothing here estimates them"
    }
  ],
  "inferred": [
    {
      "rule": "purpose.declared_type",
      "field": "purpose",
      "value": "reference",
      "method": "inferred",
      "evidence": {
        "declared_type": "preprint"
      },
      "rule_version": "purpose/1"
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.04226",
      "label": "arXiv:2303.04226",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 182,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2303.04226"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6114",
      "label": "arXiv:1312.6114",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 189,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:1312.6114"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.18223",
      "label": "arXiv:2303.18223",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 191,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2303.18223"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805",
      "label": "arXiv:1810.04805",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 192,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:1810.04805"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09617",
      "label": "arXiv:2305.09617",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 196,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2305.09617"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.08143",
      "label": "arXiv:2207.08143",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 197,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2207.08143"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.13375",
      "label": "arXiv:2303.13375",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 198,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2303.13375"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.00112",
      "label": "arXiv:2307.00112",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 199,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2307.00112"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.07540",
      "label": "arXiv:2205.07540",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 202,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2205.07540"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.03090",
      "label": "arXiv:2306.03090",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 203,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2306.03090"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.06871",
      "label": "arXiv:2302.06871",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 204,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2302.06871"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.09525",
      "label": "arXiv:2306.09525",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 206,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2306.09525"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02559",
      "label": "arXiv:2010.02559",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 207,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2010.02559"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.06100",
      "label": "arXiv:2302.06100",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 208,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2302.06100"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.01326",
      "label": "arXiv:2212.01326",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 209,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2212.01326"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.09727",
      "label": "arXiv:2208.09727",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 211,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2208.09727"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.03938",
      "label": "arXiv:2304.03938",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 212,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2304.03938"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.01210",
      "label": "arXiv:2305.01210",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 215,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2305.01210"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.01505",
      "label": "arXiv:2305.01505",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 218,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2305.01505"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17564",
      "label": "arXiv:2303.17564",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 219,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2303.17564"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10063",
      "label": "arXiv:1908.10063",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 220,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:1908.10063"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.06799",
      "label": "arXiv:2309.06799",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 222,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2309.06799"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.05951",
      "label": "arXiv:2306.05951",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 232,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2306.05951"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.1784",
      "label": "arXiv:1411.1784",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 233,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:1411.1784"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10196",
      "label": "arXiv:1710.10196",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 238,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:1710.10196"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.15826",
      "label": "arXiv:2311.15826",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 252,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2311.15826"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415",
      "label": "arXiv:1606.08415",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 255,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:1606.08415"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.09685",
      "label": "arXiv:2106.09685",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 256,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2106.09685"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03589",
      "label": "arXiv:2310.03589",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 257,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2310.03589"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.11894",
      "label": "arXiv:2006.11894",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 269,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2006.11894"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.04936",
      "label": "arXiv:2210.04936",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 280,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2210.04936"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.16316",
      "label": "arXiv:2308.16316",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 294,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2308.16316"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.11803",
      "label": "arXiv:2302.11803",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 297,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2302.11803"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05561",
      "label": "arXiv:2401.05561",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 298,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2401.05561"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.08064",
      "label": "arXiv:2211.08064",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 301,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2211.08064"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    }
  ]
}