{
  "identifier": "tag:aim-pro.eu,2026:oer/95f111d97963/record",
  "profile": "aimpro-oer-profile/1",
  "normaliser": "oerlib.metadata/2",
  "status": "ready",
  "normalised_at": "2026-10-09T09:50:16+00:00",
  "resource": {
    "id": "95f111d97963",
    "identifier": "tag:aim-pro.eu,2026:oer/95f111d97963",
    "uri": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09102",
    "title": "Provocation: Who benefits from \"inclusion\" in Generative AI?",
    "description": "The demands for accurate and representative generative AI systems means there is an increased demand on participatory evaluation structures. While these participatory structures are paramount to to ensure non-dominant values, knowledge and material culture are also reflected in AI models and the media they generate, we argue that dominant structures of community participation in AI development and evaluation are not explicit enough about the benefits and harms that members of socially marginalized groups may experience as a result of their participation. Without explicit interrogation of these benefits by AI developers, as a community we may remain blind to the immensity of systemic change that is needed as well. To support this provocation, we present a speculative case study, developed from our own collective experiences as AI researchers. We use this speculative context to itemize the barriers that need to be overcome in order for the proposed benefits to marginalized communities to be realized, and harms mitigated.",
    "creators": [
      "Samantha Dalal",
      "Siobhan Mackenzie Hall",
      "Nari Johnson"
    ],
    "keywords": [
      "cs.CY",
      "cs.AI",
      "cs.HC"
    ],
    "kind": "html",
    "content_language": "en",
    "declared_language": "en",
    "word_count": 5658,
    "content_hash": "653e938c10d107b0",
    "metadata_only": false
  },
  "licence": {
    "raw": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "uri": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "verdict": "OPEN",
    "note": "open, permissive",
    "ingestable": true,
    "commercial_ok": true,
    "derivable": true,
    "share_alike": false,
    "evidence": {
      "scope": "this submitted version of the paper",
      "method": "arXiv OAI-PMH GetRecord (metadataPrefix=arXiv)",
      "schema": 1,
      "status": "captured",
      "location": "arXiv:arXiv/arXiv:license",
      "source_url": "https://oaipmh.arxiv.org/oai?verb=GetRecord&identifier=oai:arXiv.org:2411.09102&metadataPrefix=arXiv",
      "asserted_by": "arXiv submitter",
      "captured_at": "2026-10-09T09:50:12+00:00",
      "source_system": "arxiv",
      "observed_value": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "documentation_url": "https://info.arxiv.org/help/oa/index.html",
      "responsibility_url": "https://info.arxiv.org/help/license/index.html",
      "documentation_label": "arXiv OAI-PMH metadata documentation",
      "responsibility_note": "The submitter chooses the article-version licence and certifies the right to grant it."
    }
  },
  "descriptive": {
    "contributions": [
      {
        "name": "Samantha Dalal",
        "role": "author",
        "affiliation": "",
        "identifier": "",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "name": "Siobhan Mackenzie Hall",
        "role": "author",
        "affiliation": "",
        "identifier": "",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nari Johnson",
        "role": "author",
        "affiliation": "",
        "identifier": "",
        "scope": "resource"
      }
    ],
    "identifiers": [
      {
        "scheme": "arxiv",
        "value": "2411.09102",
        "scope": "resource"
      }
    ],
    "dates": [
      {
        "meaning": "issued",
        "value": "2024-11-14",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "meaning": "modified",
        "value": "2024-11-15",
        "scope": "resource"
      }
    ],
    "subjects": [
      {
        "value": "cs.CY",
        "scheme": "arxiv",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "value": "cs.AI",
        "scheme": "arxiv",
        "scope": "resource"
      },
      {
        "value": "cs.HC",
        "scheme": "arxiv",
        "scope": "resource"
      }
    ],
    "relations": [],
    "educational": {
      "learning_resource_type": "",
      "intended_end_user_role": "",
      "context": "",
      "difficulty": "",
      "typical_learning_time": "",
      "description": ""
    },
    "container": {
      "kind": "",
      "uri": "",
      "title": "",
      "description": "",
      "identifier": ""
    },
    "declared_language": "en",
    "declared_type": "preprint",
    "rights_holder": "",
    "access_rights": "open",
    "publisher": "",
    "version": "v2",
    "citation": "",
    "notes": "",
    "lifecycle_status": "revised",
    "structure_role": "",
    "snapshot": {
      "resource": {
        "title": "Provocation: Who benefits from \"inclusion\" in Generative AI?",
        "authors": [
          "Samantha Dalal",
          "Siobhan Mackenzie Hall",
          "Nari Johnson"
        ],
        "summary": "The demands for accurate and representative generative AI systems means there is an increased demand on participatory evaluation structures. While these participatory structures are paramount to to ensure non-dominant values, knowledge and material culture are also reflected in AI models and the media they generate, we argue that dominant structures of community participation in AI development and evaluation are not explicit enough about the benefits and harms that members of socially marginalized groups may experience as a result of their participation. Without explicit interrogation of these benefits by AI developers, as a community we may remain blind to the immensity of systemic change that is needed as well. To support this provocation, we present a speculative case study, developed from our own collective experiences as AI researchers. We use this speculative context to itemize the barriers that need to be overcome in order for the proposed benefits to marginalized communities to be realized, and harms mitigated.",
        "updated": "2024-11-15T17:09:40Z",
        "version": 2,
        "arxiv_id": "2411.09102",
        "published": "2024-11-14T00:18:25Z",
        "categories": [
          "cs.CY",
          "cs.AI",
          "cs.HC"
        ],
        "affiliations": [
          "",
          "",
          ""
        ],
        "primary_category": "cs.CY"
      }
    }
  },
  "representations": [
    {
      "role": "extracted",
      "media_type": "text/markdown",
      "size_bytes": 39544,
      "filename": "",
      "location": "",
      "source_format": "latexml-html",
      "converter": "arxiv-html"
    }
  ],
  "observed": {
    "language": {
      "method": "declared",
      "reason": "declared English",
      "accepted": true,
      "declared": "en",
      "detected": "en",
      "confidence": null,
      "review_required": false
    }
  },
  "collection": {
    "source": "arxiv",
    "source_label": "arXiv",
    "collected_at": "2026-10-09T09:50:16.203882+00:00",
    "query": "(all:\"artificial intelligence\" OR all:\"machine learning\" OR all:\"generative AI\" OR all:\"deep learning\" OR all:\"reinforcement learning\" OR all:\"large language model\") AND (all:\"AI concepts\" OR all:\"types of AI\" OR all:\"AI fundamentals\" OR all:\"recognizing AI\" OR all:\"recognising AI\" OR all:\"general versus narrow AI\" OR all:\"narrow AI\" OR all:\"general AI\" OR all:\"machine intelligence\" OR all:\"AI strengths and weaknesses\" OR all:\"traditional software\" OR all:\"rule-based systems\" OR all:\"introduction to AI\" OR all:\"introduction to artificial intelligence\" OR all:\"artificial intelligence introduction\" OR all:\"AI primer\" OR all:\"foundations of artificial intelligence\" OR all:\"overview of AI\" OR all:\"understanding AI\" OR all:\"history of AI\" OR all:\"AI essentials\" OR all:\"AI terminology\" OR all:\"metaphors for AI\" OR all:\"AI fundamental concepts\" OR all:\"AI key concepts\" OR all:\"philosophy of AI\" OR all:\"critical AI literacy\")",
    "note": "where this was collected from. Not a claim that the provider published or authored it"
  },
  "provenance": [
    {
      "field": "resource_id",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "engine",
      "evidence_ref": "engine#/resource_id"
    },
    {
      "field": "query",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "engine",
      "evidence_ref": "engine#/query"
    },
    {
      "field": "collected_from",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "engine",
      "evidence_ref": "engine#/source"
    },
    {
      "field": "title",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/title"
    },
    {
      "field": "description",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/summary"
    },
    {
      "field": "version",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "lifecycle_status",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "subjects",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/categories/0"
    },
    {
      "field": "contributions",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/authors/0"
    },
    {
      "field": "contributions",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/authors/1"
    },
    {
      "field": "contributions",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/authors/2"
    },
    {
      "field": "dates",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "identifiers",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource/arxiv_id"
    },
    {
      "field": "content_language",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "gate_observation",
      "evidence_ref": "gate#/language/declared"
    },
    {
      "field": "declared_language",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "licence",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "gate_observation",
      "evidence_ref": "gate#/licence/evidence"
    },
    {
      "field": "access_rights",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "representations",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "conversion",
      "evidence_ref": "conversion#/latexml-html"
    },
    {
      "field": "declared_type",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "source_metadata",
      "evidence_ref": "snapshot#/resource"
    },
    {
      "field": "educational",
      "scope": "resource",
      "method": "declared_type_mapping",
      "evidence_ref": "profile#/learning_resource_type/preprint"
    }
  ],
  "incidents": [
    {
      "code": "absent",
      "field": "rights_holder",
      "detail": "no rights holder is named at source; the licence is recorded without one rather than attributed to the platform that served it"
    },
    {
      "code": "absent",
      "field": "publisher",
      "detail": "the source named no publisher of the work; where it was collected from is recorded as collection provenance instead, which is a different claim"
    },
    {
      "code": "absent",
      "field": "educational",
      "detail": "the source declared no educational metadata — no resource type, audience, context, difficulty or learning time. Nothing here estimates them"
    }
  ],
  "inferred": [
    {
      "rule": "purpose.declared_type",
      "field": "purpose",
      "value": "reference",
      "method": "inferred",
      "evidence": {
        "declared_type": "preprint"
      },
      "rule_version": "purpose/1"
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.07786",
      "label": "arXiv:2407.07786",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 61,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2407.07786"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    },
    {
      "field": "references",
      "value": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.06619",
      "label": "arXiv:2402.06619",
      "resource_id": "",
      "method": "inferred",
      "rule": "citation",
      "rule_version": "links/1",
      "evidence": {
        "links": [
          {
            "how": "citation",
            "line": 98,
            "basis": "reference",
            "literal": "arXiv:2402.06619"
          }
        ],
        "kind": "citation"
      }
    }
  ]
}