Generative AI Models for Different Steps in Architectural Design: A Literature Review
Recent advances in generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been significantly driven by models such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), and denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs). Although architects recognize the potential of generative AI in design, personal barriers often restrict their access to the latest technological developments, thereby cau…
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Chengyuan Li, Tianyu Zhang, Xusheng Du, Ye Zhang, Haoran Xie
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Recent advances in generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been significantly driven by models such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), and denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs). Although architects recognize the potential of generative AI in design, personal barriers often restrict their access to the latest technological developments, thereby causing the application of generative AI in architectural design to lag behind. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend the principles and advancements of generative AI models and analyze their relevance in architecture applications. This paper first provides an overview of generative AI technologies, with a focus on probabilistic diffusion models (DDPMs), 3D generative models, and foundation models, highlighting their recent developments and main application scenarios. Then, the paper explains how the abovementioned models could be utilized in architecture. We subdivide the architectural design process into six steps and review related research projects in each step from 2020 to the present. Lastly, this paper discusses potential future directions for applying generative AI in the architectural design steps. This research can help architects quickly understand the development and latest progress of generative AI and contribute to the further development of intelligent architecture.
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Has partdcterms:hasPart
none found — the source did not declare it
What this resource is made of, when the source lists its parts.
Is version ofdcterms:isVersionOf
none found — the source did not declare it
Has versiondcterms:hasVersion
none found — the source did not declare it
Referencesdcterms:references
inferred
read its reference list, line 414citation
doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105053
doi:10.53710/jcode.1064225
doi:10.18537/est.v011.n022.a06
arXiv:2107.08572
doi:10.5151/sigradi2020-9
doi:10.1177/14780771241253438
arXiv:2005.14165
doi:10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554453
doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367638.001.0001
doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6568-7_8
doi:10.3390/buildings13071861
doi:10.52842/conf.caadria.2021.1.131
and 174 more, every one of them in the export
Works this one cites, when the source declares them as relations. What its text links to and its reference list cites is inferred, and stands under it apart.
Is referenced bydcterms:isReferencedBy
none found — the source did not declare it
What links to or cites this one, when a source declares it; inferred from the texts held otherwise, and set apart.
Requiresdcterms:requires
none found — the source did not declare it
What this resource needs in order to be used, when a source declares it. The files a lab works on are inferred, and stand under it apart.
Is required bydcterms:isRequiredBy
none found — the source did not declare it
What needs this resource, when a source declares it. The lab a component belongs to is inferred, and stands under it apart.
Provenancedcterms:provenance
this engine
source
conversion
latexml-html
Retrieved from arXiv on 2026-10-09 in response to the search string “(all:"artificial intelligence" OR all:"machine learning" OR all:"generative AI" OR all:"deep learning" OR all:"reinforcement learning" OR all:"large language model") AND (all:"AI concepts" OR all:"types of AI" OR all:"AI fundamentals" OR all:"recognizing AI" OR all:"recognising AI" OR all:"general versus narrow AI" OR all:"narrow AI" OR all:"general AI" OR all:"machine intelligence" OR all:"AI strengths and weaknesses" OR all:"traditional software" OR all:"rule-based systems" OR all:"introduction to AI" OR all:"introduction to artificial intelligence" OR all:"artificial intelligence introduction" OR all:"AI primer" OR all:"foundations of artificial intelligence" OR all:"overview of AI" OR all:"understanding AI" OR all:"history of AI" OR all:"AI essentials" OR all:"AI terminology" OR all:"metaphors for AI" OR all:"AI fundamental concepts" OR all:"AI key concepts" OR all:"philosophy of AI" OR all:"critical AI literacy")”. arXiv served the resource and is not asserted to be its publisher or author.
Text extracted from latexml-html to Markdown by arxiv-html; the original is retained unchanged beside it.
Where it was collected from, what was converted, and what container it came out of — the custody statements that would otherwise be mistaken for authorship.
IEEE 1484.12.1 Learning Object Metadata. LOM has no element for an SPDX identifier or a licence URI, so both are written into 6.3 Rights.Description. Flattening this record into simple Dublin Core would lose more again, which is why the two projections exist side by side rather than one being generated from the other.
the standard ↗
Recent advances in generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been significantly driven by models such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), and denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs). Although architects recognize the potential of generative AI in design, personal barriers often restrict their access to the latest technological developments, thereby causing the application of generative AI in architectural design to lag behind. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend the principles and advancements of generative AI models and analyze their relevance in architecture applications. This paper first provides an overview of generative AI technologies, with a focus on probabilistic diffusion models (DDPMs), 3D generative models, and foundation models, highlighting their recent developments and main application scenarios. Then, the paper explains how the abovementioned models could be utilized in architecture. We subdivide the architectural design process into six steps and review related research projects in each step from 2020 to the present. Lastly, this paper discusses potential future directions for applying generative AI in the architectural design steps. This research can help architects quickly understand the development and latest progress of generative AI and contribute to the further development of intelligent architecture.
The abstract, and the depositor's additional notes after it as a second LangString when the source has a field for them.
Role, entity and date per declared contribution. A role outside LOM's vocabulary is reported in the entry's description instead.
3 Meta-metadata
4/4
Identifier3.1
this engine
resource_id
URI: tag:aim-pro.eu,2026:oer/125abe8da428/record
The identifier of this metadata record — the resource's own, with /record after it, because the record is a description of the resource and not the resource.
Contribute3.2
this engine
source
AIM-PRO WP3 OER harvester (arXiv) — creator
Who generated this record and when — a statement about the record, not about the resource.
Metadata schema3.3
LOMv1.0
aimpro-oer-profile/1
LOMv1.0, and the profile this was built against.
Language3.4
language gate
read the declared field
en
4 Technical
3/7
Format4.1
conversion
latexml-html
text/markdown
One value per form held: the original as the source published it, and the Markdown this engine extracted.
Size4.2
conversion
latexml-html
126994
Bytes. The original's, because the resource is the file and not our conversion of it.
Location4.3
this engine
resource_id
https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.01335
Where the source serves it.
Requirement4.4
not collected — this library does not fill it
Software or hardware needed to use it. No source declares it.
Installation remarks4.5
not collected — this library does not fill it
No source declares it.
Other platform requirements4.6
not collected — this library does not fill it
No source declares it.
Duration4.7
not collected — this library does not fill it
Playing time, for audio and video. The corpus holds neither.
5 Educational
1/11
Interactivity type5.1
not collected — this library does not fill it
Active, expositive or mixed. A judgement about how the resource is used; no source declares it.
Yes unless the licence reserves nothing — attribution is a restriction. The conditions after the dash are the licence gate's reading; the export carries LOM's bare term.
The container a file was found inside, and the Markdown extracted from the original. What a lab requires, and the lab a component belongs to, are inferred and stand apart.
8 Annotation
0/3
Entity8.1
not collected — this library does not fill it
Comments on the resource's educational use, by whoever made them. The platform's review grades competencies, which are classification (9), and writes no comment here.
Date8.2
not collected — this library does not fill it
Description8.3
not collected — this library does not fill it
9 Classification
0/4
Purpose9.1
not collected — this library does not fill it
Empty in the record: no source declares a competency. The alignment reads the resource for them and stands beside the record, never in it, and a taxon path derived from the search string that found it would be a claim about the query.
Taxon path9.2
not collected — this library does not fill it
Where the competency framework goes. Empty in the record for the reason above.
Description9.3
not collected — this library does not fill it
Keyword9.4
not collected — this library does not fill it
What could not be established3
Where the source's metadata could not be carried
over as it was — missing, contradictory, with no matching term in the
standard, restructured, or taken from the repository — and what was done
instead. Without these notes, an empty element would look like something
the harvester missed.
Status
Field
Why
Not available
rights_holder
no rights holder is named at source; the licence is recorded without one rather than attributed to the platform that served it
Not available
publisher
the source named no publisher of the work; where it was collected from is recorded as collection provenance instead, which is a different claim
Not available
educational
the source declared no educational metadata — no resource type, audience, context, difficulty or learning time. Nothing here estimates them