Source: Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Applications, Ethics, and Future Perspectives · Zenodo Authors: International Journal of Dental Science and Innovative Research (IJDSIR) Licence: CC-BY-4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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International Journal of Dental Science and Innovative Research (IJDSIR)

IJDSIR : Dental Publication Service Available Online at:www.ijdsir.com Volume – 8, Issue – 3, June – 2025, Page No. : 71 - 88 Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Applications, Ethics, and Future Perspectives ¹Swastika Bhattacharya, Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research (WBUHS), Haldia, West Bengal, India Corresponding Author: Swastika Bhattacharya, Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research (WBUHS), Haldia, West Bengal, India Citation of this Article: Swastika Bhattacharya, “Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Applications, Ethics, and Future Perspectives”, IJDSIR-June – 2025, Volume – 8, Issue – 3, P. No. 71 – 88. Copyright: © 2025, Swastika Bhattacharya, et al. This is an open access journal and article distributed under the terms of the creative common’s attribution non-commercial License. Which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given, and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Type of Publication: Original Research Article Conflicts of Interest: Nil Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming various domains of healthcare, including dentistry. AI-powered technologies are enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and patient management. This article provides an overview of AI applications in dentistry, including radiographic interpretation, disease prediction, robotic-assisted procedures, and personalized treatment strategies. The challenges and future potential of AI in dentistry are also discussed in detail. With an emphasis on how AI is shaping modern dental practices, this article explores the profound impact of AI on improving efficiency, precision, and patient outcomes. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Dentistry, Machine Learning, Deep Learning. Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence by machines, particularly computer systems, to perform tasks that typically require cognitive functions such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving,

and decision-making. AI encompasses several subfields, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, each of which plays a unique role in automating and optimizing various aspects of healthcare and dentistry¹. Machine learning, a subset of AI, involves training algorithms to recognize patterns in data and make predictions or decisions without explicit programming. Deep learning, a more advanced form of machine learning, utilizes artificial neural networks to process complex datasets with remarkable accuracy. Natural language processing enables machines to understand and interact with human language, making AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants highly effective in patient communication². The advent of AI has brought significant advancements to dentistry, improving efficiency, precision, and patient outcomes. AI is particularly valuable in addressing diagnostic challenges and streamlining treatment protocols. As digital dentistry continues to evolve, AI-71

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Corresponding Author: Swastika Bhattacharya, ijdsir, Volume – 8 Issue - 3, Page No. : 71 - 88

Swastika Bhattacharya, et al. International Journal of Dental Science and Innovative Research (IJDSIR) driven solutions are revolutionizing patient care by reducing human error and optimizing treatment strategies³. The integration of AI within the field of dentistry also paves the way for more accurate disease detection, customized treatment planning, and even robotic-assisted procedures, ensuring a seamless transition into a more advanced era of dental healthcare^4,5. AI technologies are increasingly being integrated into various aspects of dentistry, ranging from diagnostic imaging and predictive analytics to robotic surgery and patient engagement^2,5. AI-powered diagnostic tools assist clinicians in interpreting radiographs, identifying early signs of oral diseases, and predicting treatment outcomes with enhanced precision^2,5-7. Additionally, AI-driven robotic systems are being developed to improve the accuracy of dental implant placement and surgical procedures, minimizing complications and improving postoperative recovery^8-12. Despite its immense potential, the integration of AI into dentistry presents challenges related to data privacy, ethical considerations, cost, and adoption within existing clinical workflows^2,13-15. Overcoming these challenges will require collaboration between AI developers, dental professionals, regulatory bodies, and policymakers to ensure safe and effective implementation^13,15. AI Applications in Dentistry AI technologies are being applied in dentistry in diverse ways, dramatically expanding the capabilities of clinicians. The most prominent uses include diagnostic imaging analysis, predictive analytics for patient care, enhancements in restorative dentistry, robotic assistance in surgery, and orthodontic treatment planning, among others. This section elaborates on these applications and how they are shaping dental care.

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A. Diagnostic Imaging

One of the earliest and most widespread applications of AI in dentistry is the analysis of diagnostic images such as radiographs (X-rays), cone-beam CT scans, and intraoral photographs^15-18. AI systems can be trained to recognize patterns of disease on these images with high accuracy. For instance, deep learning algorithms (particularly convolutional neural networks, CNNs) have been developed to automatically detect dental caries, periapical lesions, periodontal bone loss, root fractures, and other pathologies on radiographs^15,18. Some studies report that AI can identify early lesions or cavities on X- rays as accurately as experienced dentists, and sometimes even outperform them in consistency^19-21. Notably, Schwendicke et al. compared an AI algorithm to human dentists for detecting proximal tooth decay on radiographs and found the AI approach to be more cost-effective and equally reliable²². Regulatory bodies have begun to recognize the value of such tools. In fact, an AI software platform has been cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to aid in radiographic diagnosis by automatically outlining cavities and quantifying bone loss on dental X- rays²³. These AI-driven image annotation systems act as a kind of “second pair of eyes,” highlighting areas of concern (e.g. a suspicious shadow that might indicate decay or a tumor) so that the dentist can investigate further. Importantly, the final diagnosis still rests with the dentist – the AI flags potential problems, but does not make definitive diagnoses on its own^2,4,6,24. By catching subtleties that a busy clinician might overlook and by processing images rapidly, AI-powered diagnostic imaging can lead to earlier detection of dental diseases and more informed treatment decisions, ultimately improving patient outcomes^14,25.

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B. Predictive Analytics

Beyond image recognition, AI is also transforming dentistry through predictive analytics – the use of data to forecast future outcomes or risks^26-27. Dental practices accumulate vast amounts of information about patients (medical histories, treatment records, oral health metrics, etc.), and machine learning can analyze these data for patterns not obvious to humans²⁸. For example, AI models can be trained to predict which patients are at higher risk for developing dental caries or periodontal disease by analyzing combinations of factors like diet, oral hygiene habits, genetics, and socio-demographic data 15,19,29,30. Similarly, predictive models can estimate the likely success or failure of certain treatments³¹. In orthodontics, for instance, AI has been used to help determine optimal treatment plans and predict treatment outcomes, such as how a patient’s facial profile might change after orthodontic intervention^32,33. In one study, a machine learning approach was able to predict the need for orthodontic treatment by analyzing patient records and diagnostic indices³⁴. Predictive analytics in dentistry also extends to prognosticating the longevity of restorations or the prognosis of oral diseases^24,35,36. For example, algorithms have been developed to forecast the chances of restoration failure (such as the debonding of a crown or veneer) based on factors like materials, bite force, and patient habits^2,35. By leveraging AI in this way, dentists can adopt a more preventive and personalized approach: interventions can be tailored to a patient’s predicted risks (for example, intensifying preventive measures for a patient likely to develop gum disease) and treatment plans can be adjusted based on the likelihood of various outcomes 2,4,6,27,30. While still an emerging field, predictive analytics holds great promise for improving

decision-making in dentistry by providing data-driven risk assessments and outcome predictions.

C. Restorative Dentistry AI is making significant inroads in restorative dentistry – the branch of dentistry concerned with repairing or replacing damaged teeth (including fillings, crowns, bridges, dentures, and implants) 8,9,11,12,15,31,35,37,38. One application is in Caries detection and management 2,35,37,39,40 : as noted, AI image analysis can identify cavities early, which directly informs restorative treatment decisions (e.g., whether a filling is needed). But AI’s role in restorative dentistry goes further. In digital dentistry workflows, AI is used to enhance computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of restorations^41–43. For instance, modern intraoral scanners often incorporate AI algorithms to improve the scanning process. These systems can guide the clinician by indicating areas missed during a scan and automatically remove artifacts or unnecessary data, yielding a cleaner digital impression^44–46. AI can then help delineate the margins of a tooth preparation (the edges of the area where a crown will fit) and even propose a preliminary design for the crown or restoration that mimics the natural tooth anatomy. This speeds up the design process and ensures a more accurate fit for the final prosthesis^47,48. Another area is shade matching and material selection. Selecting the correct color shade for a dental restoration is crucial for aesthetics, yet can be subjective. AI systems have been developed to analyze images of a patient’s teeth and assist in selecting the best matching shade of porcelain or composite, improving the aesthetic outcome. Additionally, as mentioned earlier, AI predictive models can assess factors that might affect a restoration’s durability^49,50.

In prosthodontics, AI is being explored to design dentures and implants 2,8–12,31,35,37,39,45,46. AI-driven software can analyze edentulous patients’ jaw scans and even predict facial appearance changes, helping in the design of dentures that restore proper facial support(50–

53). Overall, AI contributes to restorative dentistry by improving diagnostic precision, optimizing design and fabrication processes, and enhancing the longevity of restorations, leading to more efficient workflows and potentially better outcomes for patients^35,54–56.

D. Robotic Surgery

Robotics in dentistry represents a cutting-edge application of AI and automation, particularly in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery and implantology^8–12. A prime example is the Yomi robotic system, which is the first (and currently only) FDA-cleared robot for dental surgery^57,58. Yomi is a computer- controlled robotic arm that assists clinicians in dental implant placement. Through detailed preoperative planning and real-time guidance, the robot helps the surgeon in drilling and inserting implants at the exact planned location, angle, and depth. During surgery, Yomi provides haptic (touch) feedback and visual cues, effectively “locking in” the drill’s position so that deviations from the plan are minimized. This ensures a high degree of precision, preventing errors such as drilling too deep and risking nerve injury. Since its introduction, Yomi has been used in tens of thousands of implant procedures, improving consistency and confidence in implant surgeries^57–59. Robotic assistance is not limited to implants. Research prototypes have explored robot-guided tooth preparations, endodontic surgeries, and even robotic aid in orthognathic (jaw) surgery^12,59. In one advanced example, a soft-tissue robotic manipulator has been used in transoral laser surgery, demonstrating the potential of

robotics for delicate intraoral procedures^60–62. It is important to note that current dental robots, including Yomi, are not autonomous – they do not make independent decisions or operate without human control ^57–59. Instead, the dentist or surgeon remains in charge; the robot serves as an assistive tool to enhance the surgeon’s precision and reduce fatigue⁶³. By taking over some of the physical execution (under guidance), robots can allow clinicians to focus more on strategic decisions during surgery⁶³. As robotic technology and AI algorithms continue to advance, we may see a broader adoption of robots in dentistry for tasks like tooth extractions or periodontal surgeries 8,12,57,58. For now, robotic surgery in dentistry stands as a testament to how AI can collaborate with human skill to achieve outcomes that might be difficult to attain with human hands alone.

E. Orthodontics Orthodontics, which deals with the correction of misaligned teeth and jaws, has also embraced AI to augment diagnosis and treatment planning^33,64,65. Traditionally, orthodontic planning requires tedious analysis of diagnostic records – including cephalometric radiographs (side-view head X-rays) where the orthodontist manually identifies anatomical landmarks and measurements⁶⁶. AI has greatly accelerated this process: deep learning models can automatically detect and annotate cephalometric landmarks on X-rays with high accuracy, saving practitioners considerable time. By automating the analysis of radiographs and 3D scans, AI helps orthodontists evaluate malocclusions (bite problems) more efficiently and consistently^67–69. In treatment planning, AI is used to predict the outcomes of orthodontic interventions^32–34,64. Machine learning algorithms can simulate how a patient’s dentition and facial structure might change after braces or aligners^2,67–. For example, one application involves using neural

networks to predict post-treatment facial aesthetics or the movement of teeth, given pre-treatment data⁷³. Such tools can assist in deciding whether tooth extractions are necessary or how long treatment might take by comparing numerous similar cases in their database⁷³. Additionally, AI can help design custom orthodontic appliances: companies have developed AI-driven software to plan the sequence of tooth movements in clear aligner therapy, optimizing each step to move teeth efficiently^65,74,75. Orthodontic AI systems can also improve patient monitoring. Some smartphone applications use AI to analyze photos of patients’ teeth taken at home, detecting if an aligner isn’t fitting well or if tooth movement is off track, allowing timely interventions by the orthodontist 3,33,65,75. Overall, AI in orthodontics serves as an “ideal tool” for handling complex variables and large data in treatment planning. It can provide a more data-informed roadmap for moving teeth, thereby potentially improving treatment outcomes and reducing the total time a patient spends in braces⁷⁶. As with other fields, these AI tools work in tandem with the clinician’s expertise – final decisions are made by orthodontists, who incorporate AI findings into their clinical judgment. Other Emerging Applications In addition to the areas above, AI is being explored in virtually every dental specialty^2,16,23. In periodontics, for instance, AI algorithms have been trained to interpret periodontal charts and radiographs to diagnose gum disease and even predict progression of bone loss^77–80. In oral pathology, researchers have used AI to analyze histopathology slides and intraoral images to detect oral cancer and precancerous lesions at an early stage, aiding pathologists in identifying malignant changes^24,81. Endodontics (root canal therapy) stands to benefit from AI systems that can read 3D scans to locate tiny root

canals or detect periapical infections that might be missed by the human eye^82,83. There are also administrative and educational applications: AI chatbots can handle patient inquiries or scheduling, and dental schools are experimenting with AI tutors and simulators that help train students in diagnosing cases or performing virtual procedures^84,85. Collectively, these examples underscore that AI’s impact on dentistry is broad and continually evolving. From enhancing clinical imaging to automating routine tasks, AI acts as a force multiplier for dental professionals – extending their capabilities and providing new insights^2,49. However, with these powerful tools come new challenges and responsibilities, particularly concerning the ethics and limitations of AI in a healthcare setting. The following sections will delve into those considerations, as well as the broader question of AI’s role relative to human dentists. Ethical Concerns and Limitations While AI offers exciting opportunities in dentistry, it also raises important ethical questions and practical limitations that must be addressed. As dental practitioners begin to rely on AI tools for diagnosis and treatment, they need to remain aware of issues such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, diagnostic errors, and the implications for doctor-patient interactions^2,3,6,86. This section discusses these concerns, along with the inherent limitations of current AI systems.

A. Data Privacy and Security AI systems in dentistry often require large amounts of patient data – including medical histories, imaging data, and treatment plans – to train algorithms and make accurate predictions 2,6,63,85–87. This reliance on data brings forth serious concerns about patient privacy and data security. Dental records contain sensitive personal health information that must be protected under laws like

HIPAA^88–91. If these data are uploaded to cloud-based AI services or shared with tech companies for algorithm development, there is a risk of unauthorized access or breaches. Ensuring robust encryption and informed consent for any data used in AI development is essential². Recent discussions have highlighted that using open-source or public AI tools (for example, generic machine learning APIs or even large language models like ChatGPT) with patient data can be perilous, as these tools might integrate the data into their knowledge base without proper safeguards⁹². Thus, dental professionals must be cautious to use only HIPAA-compliant, secure AI platforms for clinical purposes^2,91. Another aspect of data ethics is ownership and usage^{93– 95}. When dental practitioners contribute patient data to improve an AI system, questions arise: Who owns the improved algorithm or the insights generated? There is also concern about intellectual property – if a practitioner develops a novel treatment approach and inputs it into an AI system, could that idea be disseminated without credit?^93–95 These issues are prompting the development of guidelines and regulations to ensure that AI adoption in dentistry does not compromise patient confidentiality or practitioner rights. Dental AI systems should be transparent about how data are used, and practitioners should educate patients about any AI involvement in their care, obtaining consent when appropriate^2,14. In summary, maintaining trust requires that the integration of AI into dental practice upholds the same standards of privacy and security that patients expect when confiding in a human dentist.

B. Accuracy, Bias, and Liability The accuracy of AI algorithms in dentistry is a critical concern^2,15. An AI system is only as good as the data it was trained on and the assumptions built into its design. If the training data are flawed, incomplete, or unrepresentative, the AI’s recommendations could be incorrect or biased⁹⁶. For example, if an image analysis AI is trained mostly on radiographs from adults, it may underperform when analyzing children’s X-rays, potentially missing pediatric conditions⁹⁷. There have been well-publicized instances outside dentistry where AI image recognition demonstrated racial bias due to skewed training data⁹⁸. In a dental context, bias might mean the AI is less accurate for certain patient groups (e.g., certain ethnicities, ages, or those with uncommon conditions), which is an ethical and clinical problem^26,27. Researchers have noted that the fast advancement of dental AI has not always been matched by rigorous incorporation of AI Ethics considerations, raising the risk of reinforcing existing healthcare inequalities if biases are not addressed². Moreover, no AI is infallible – there is always a risk of false positives or false negatives in diagnosis. Over-reliance on an AI’s judgment could lead to misdiagnosis. For instance, an AI might flag a healthy area as a cavity (false positive), potentially leading to unnecessary intervention, or it might miss a subtle lesion (false negative) that a skilled human would catch¹⁹. Dentists must therefore use AI as an aid, not an absolute authority 2,5,15,19. Ethically, the principle of “non- maleficence” (do no harm) means that dentists should validate AI findings with their own examination to avoid harm from AI errorsm^2,99,100. This also ties into the question of liability: if an AI tool fails to detect a disease or suggests an incorrect treatment and a patient is harmed as a result, who is responsible – the dentist using the tool, or the software developer, or both?¹⁰⁰ Currently, the responsibility still lies largely with the practitioner, as they are expected to exercise professional judgment^2,100. This means dentists must be adequately

trained to understand the output of AI systems and recognize when it may be wrong. To mitigate these issues, validation of AI tools through clinical trials and regulatory oversight is crucial before widespread adoption¹⁰¹. Many AI dental products undergo rigorous testing to achieve regulatory clearance, but even after approval, continuous monitoring of their performance in diverse patient populations is needed^2,5,102. The concept of explainability is also important: AI systems should ideally provide some rationale for their recommendations (for example, highlighting which features of an X-ray led to a diagnosis) so that clinicians can judge whether it makes sense¹⁰³. As guidelines for “trustworthy AI” emphasize, transparency and explainability help practitioners and patients trust the technology. In practice, dentists integrating AI must remain critical thinkers – using AI outputs as supportive information while ultimately relying on their clinical training and patient knowledge to make decisions¹⁰⁴.

C. Humanistic and Professional Considerations Dentistry is not just about diagnosing and treating teeth; it’s fundamentally a human-centered practice involving communication, empathy, and trust-building with patients. One concern raised by the integration of AI is the potential reduction in the human touch of dental care ^2,86. If dentists become too reliant on AI recommendations or automated systems, they might spend less time communicating with patients, explaining diagnoses, or exercising the nuanced judgment that comes from years of clinical experience¹⁴. For example, an AI might quickly outline a treatment plan based on data, but a dentist needs to discuss options with the patient, understanding their preferences and anxieties – something no algorithm can do authentically¹⁴. Overuse of AI without maintaining personal interaction could risk eroding the dentist–patient relationship, which is critical for patient compliance and satisfaction^14,86. There’s also the issue of patient autonomy and informed consent. Ethical practice requires that patients are informed about how decisions are made about their care. If an AI is involved in diagnosing a condition or suggesting a treatment, should the patient be told that an algorithm contributed to the decision?^105,106 Many ethicists argue yes – patients should know if AI was used and have the right to ask for human reevaluation if they are uncertain. Some worry that patients might place undue trust in “computer findings” or, conversely, be uncomfortable with it; thus dentists need to navigate these conversations carefully, framing AI as an assistive tool under the dentist’s control¹⁰⁷. From the professional standpoint, dentists must consider how AI will shape their roles. The advent of AI means that some routine tasks (like interpreting a straightforward cavity on an X-ray) might be partially automated. This should free up time for dentists to focus on more complex tasks and patient interaction, but it also requires that dentists stay educated about technology^2,15,99. Lifelong learning will increasingly include AI literacy – understanding how to use and interpret AI tools. Dental curricula and continuing education programs are beginning to incorporate AI training, so practitioners are prepared to work alongside these systems^14,85. Another professional concern is accessibility: high-tech AI systems may be costly, potentially widening the gap between well-resourced clinics and those with fewer resources. Ensuring equitable access to AI’s benefits across different practice settings is an ethical challenge that the dental community must address, perhaps through shared resources or public health initiatives.

In summary, the integration of AI in dentistry must be managed in a way that preserves the core values of dental practice: patient welfare, autonomy, and the dentist’s professional judgment. Ethical guidelines for AI in healthcare – emphasizing principles like beneficence, justice, autonomy, and explicability – are being developed to guide practitioners. By following these principles, dentists can harness AI’s advantages while mitigating risks, ensuring that the quality of care is enhanced rather than compromised.

1. Can AI Replace Human Dentists? With AI systems performing increasingly sophisticated dental tasks, a pressing question emerges: Could AI ever fully replace human dentists? The consensus among experts is that while AI will transform the practice of dentistry, it is unlikely to replace dentists entirely. The role of AI in dentistry is best seen as augmentative – AI can enhance diagnostic accuracy, improve treatment planning, and automate routine tasks – but the human dentist remains essential for comprehensive patient care. There are several reasons for this¹⁰⁹. First, dentistry involves a high degree of hands-on skill and tactile perception^2,68,109. Procedures like extracting a tooth, drilling a cavity, or sculpting a filling require fine motor skills, adaptability, and real-time judgment calls that current AI and robots cannot replicate in full. While a robot-like Yomi can guide an implant placement, it does so under the supervision and control of a human surgeon, and it cannot autonomously handle unexpected situations (such as unforeseen bleeding or anatomical variants) the way a trained dentist can 8,33,57,110. As one clinician noted in the context of robotic surgery, “the robot will not allow the dentist to make a mistake… As amazing as this robot is, its skills don’t replace that of a dental professional. You always need humans to give

instructions to the robot”. This underscores that human oversight and expertise are indispensable^111,112. Second, beyond the mechanical aspects, dentists provide empathy, reassurance, and ethical judgment – qualities that machines do not possess. Patients often come to dentists with anxiety or fear; the compassionate communication and trust that a dentist provides cannot be delivered by an AI¹¹³. Moreover, clinical decision-making is not a purely data-driven endeavor; it often involves considering patient preferences, values, financial considerations, and systemic health factors 100,114,115. A human dentist can integrate these complex, subjective factors into a treatment recommendation in a way an AI cannot 2,13,26,63. AI lacks true understanding and common-sense reasoning; it cannot fully grasp the context of a patient’s life or the moral dimensions of care^116,117. For example, deciding not to treat an aggressive tumor in an elderly patient might be a humane choice factoring quality of life – a machine learning algorithm would have difficulty making such value-laden decisions. In addition, current AI systems are narrow in scope. An AI that excels at analyzing dental x-rays won’t be able to clean teeth or manage a dental office or handle the myriad tasks a dentist does every day¹⁵. Even as AI advances, creating a single system that can perform the wide array of clinical and interpersonal tasks of a dentist is extraordinarily challenging. It would require not just technical precision but also general intelligence and emotional intelligence at human levels, which remains the realm of science fiction for now. In the foreseeable future, what we are likely to see is a synergy between AI and dentists¹¹⁸: AI will handle data-heavy and pattern- recognition tasks (like scanning records, analyzing images, suggesting probable diagnoses or treatment options), and dentists will use those inputs to work more

effectively and efficiently. Dentists who embrace AI may have an edge in providing faster, more accurate care, whereas those who do not may find themselves at a disadvantage – as one commentary put it, *“*AI will not take jobs away from dentists, but dentists who utilize AI will take patients away from those who don’t”¹¹⁹. In essence, AI in dentistry should be viewed as a powerful assistant rather than a replacement. The dentist’s role will evolve – focusing more on supervision of AI outputs, complex decision-making, and patient interaction – but the need for the dentist remains 54,99,120– ¹²². The art of dentistry, with its personal touch and holistic judgment, ensures that human dentists will continue to be irreplaceable in delivering patient-centered care. Conclusion and Practical Perspectives Artificial intelligence has firmly established itself as a transformative tool in dentistry, offering improvements in diagnostic capability, treatment precision, and operational efficiency^3,15. From analyzing radiographs with expert-level accuracy to guiding the placement of dental implants, AI-driven technologies are enabling dentists to deliver care that can be more predictive, personalized, and consistent^2,3,123. The applications reviewed – diagnostic imaging, predictive analytics, restorative dentistry, robotic surgery, and orthodontics – illustrate the breadth of AI’s impact on the field 2,54,64,124. At the same time, integrating AI into dental practice necessitates careful consideration of ethical issues and acknowledgement of the technology’s limitations¹²⁵. Data privacy must be safeguarded, AI recommendations must be validated by professionals, and the dentist– patient relationship must remain at the forefront of care. Current evidence strongly suggests that AI is a complement to, not a substitute for, the human dentist. Even the most advanced AI systems lack the holistic

judgment, dexterity, and empathy that define quality dental care 121,122,126,127. From a practical perspective, dental practitioners should approach AI with informed optimism. In day-to-day practice, this means staying updated on validated AI tools that could enhance patient care – for example, exploring software that provides AI-based radiographic analysis or considering the use of digital impression systems with AI enhancements for restorative work 6,64,126,128. Dentists may want to participate in training sessions or continuing education courses on dental AI to become comfortable with interpreting AI outputs and integrating them into clinical workflows¹²⁹. It is wise to start with AI as an adjunct: use it to double- check diagnoses, to streamline record-keeping, or to suggest treatment options, but always review its contributions critically. Practitioners should also educate their staff and patients about any new AI tools being used, ensuring transparency and managing expectations that these are aids under the dentist’s supervision 2,107,126,128. For the dental community at large, embracing AI also means contributing to its responsible development 109,113,117,127. Clinicians can collaborate with developers by providing quality data and real-world feedback, helping to improve AI models’ accuracy and fairness^113,117. Professional associations and regulatory bodies are developing guidelines for AI use in dentistry – practitioners should keep an eye on these and adhere to best practices recommended for safe and ethical AI integration 93,95,100,106,107,115,116,121,125,126. Notably, dental educators are already acknowledging the importance of AI; dental schools are introducing students to these technologies so that the next generation of dentists is AI- savvy 85,113,129,130. As one educator pointed out, AI in dentistry “isn’t the future – it’s the present,” and new

dentists should feel comfortable using these tools as they Health Care. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024 launch their careers¹¹². Jul;16(Suppl 3):S1910–2. In conclusion, AI in dentistry is here to stay and will 5. Rahim A, Khatoon R, Khan TA, Syed K, Khan I, undoubtedly continue to advance. Its proper utilization Khalid T, et al. Artificial intelligence-powered can lead to earlier disease detection, more effective dentistry: Probing the potential, challenges, and treatments, and streamlined clinic management, all of ethicality of artificial intelligence in dentistry. Digit which benefit patients. However, the guiding principle Health. 2024;10:20552076241291345. should be that technology serves the practice of 6. Surdu A, Budala DG, Luchian I, Foia LG, Botnariu dentistry, not the other way around. By combining the GE, Scutariu MM. Using AI in Optimizing Oral and strengths of AI – speed, data processing, consistency – Dental Diagnoses—A Narrative Review. with the irreplaceable human elements of clinical Diagnostics. 2024 Dec 13;14(24):2804. expertise and compassionate care, dental practitioners 7. Eggmann F, Weiger R, Zitzmann NU, Blatz MB. can ensure the highest standard of care in the modern Implications of large language models such as era. The foreseeable future is one of human-AI ChatGPT for dental medicine. J Esthet Restor Dent. collaboration, where dentists who skill fully leverage AI 2023 Oct;35(7):1098–102. will likely set the standard for excellence in oral health 8. Liu C, Liu Y, Xie R, Li Z, Bai S, Zhao Y. The care. The challenge and opportunity for every dentist is evolution of robotics: research and application to integrate these innovations in a way that enhances progress of dental implant robotic systems. Int J Oral their practice and outcomes, while upholding the trust Sci. 2024 Apr 8;16(1):28. and individualized attention that each patient deserves. 9. Sankar H, Shalini M, Rajagopalan A, Gupta S, References Kumar A, Shouket R. Dental implant placement

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